Data Collection

The clinic in which you work has used the same brand of hand soap and sanitizer for the past 10 years. Just recently, a salesperson called the office manager at the clinic and offered a compelling price on a new brand of soaps. The new soap meets industry standards; however, the office manager is concerned that the reduced cost will also mean an inferior product. As nurses must frequently wash their hands throughout the day, having high-quality soap is very important. The office manager has asked you to determine if the new brand of soap is of a lesser quality than the soap currently used. As you do not want to make this determination alone, you decide to get the other nurses involved in the evaluation process. How would you proceed? Would you have everyone try the new product or just selected individuals? How long will they use it? How will they provide feedback? Will you have a survey or face-to-face interviews? These are all types of questions that a researcher faces when he or she begins to plan for data collection.

This week, you consider the process of data collection for both quantitative and qualitative research. You will examine the various approaches to data collection, how you can test the reliability and validity of your data, and the ethical considerations involved with collecting data.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

Evaluate data collection methods

Learning Resources 

To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Required Readings

Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2017). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

Chapter 12, “Sampling in Quantitative Research”This chapter introduces key concepts concerning sampling in quantitative research. This includes such concepts as a description of populations, different types of sampling and their uses, and how to determine a manageable, yet sufficient number to be included in a sample. The chapter also includes suggestions for implementing a sampling plan.?Chapter 13, “Data Collection in Quantitative Research”Once a sampling design is complete, the next step is to collect the data, and this is the focus of Chapter 13. The chapter describes how to develop a data collection plan, and provides information about the different types of instruments that can be used, such as structured observation and biophysiologic measures.?Chapter 22, “Sampling in Qualitative Research”The focus of this chapter is on the sampling process in qualitative research. The chapter describes the different types of sampling and when they are commonly used. Sampling techniques in the three main qualitative traditions (ethnography, phenomenological studies and grounded theory studies) are highlighted.

Chapter 23, “Data Collection in Qualitative Research”This chapter examines the process of data collection in qualitative research as well as key issues surrounding data collection. This includes such methods as self-reporting, surveys, interviews, and personal journal keeping. The chapter also highlights important considerations when utilizing unstructured observations to gather data and how to record field notes.

Keough, V. A., & Tanabe, P. (2011). Survey research: An effective design for conducting nursing research. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 1(4), 37–44. Copyright 2011 by Elsevier Science & Technology Journals. Used with permission of Elsevier  Science & Technology Journals via the Copyright Clearance Center. 

This text emphasizes the advantages of survey research. The authors describe the nuances of survey research projects, including their design, methods, analysis, and limitations.

Walden University. (n.d.a.). Paper templates. Retrieved July 23, 2012, from http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm

This resource provides you access to the School of Nursing Sample Paper, which will serve as a template for formatting your papers.

Dr. Kristen Mauk discusses how she collected data for her DNP project in this video. She describes the details of her pre- and post-tests used to track nurses’ knowledge in a rehabilitation unit.

Krainovich-Miller, B., Haber, J., Yost, J., & Jacobs, S. (2009). Evidence-based practice challenge: teaching critical appraisal of systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines to graduate students. Journal of Nursing Education, 48(4), 186–195.

This text emphasizes the advantages of survey research. The authors describe the nuances of survey research projects, including their design, methods, analysis, and limitations.

Horsley, T., Hyde, C., Santesso, N., Parkes, J., Milne, R., & Stewart, R. (2011). Teaching critical appraisal skills in healthcare settings. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online), 11, Art. No.: CD001270.

Melnyk, B., Fineout-Overholt, E., & Mays, M. (2009). The evidence-based practice beliefs and implementation scales: Psychometric properties of two new instruments. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 6(1), 49.

Fawcett, J., & Garity, J. (2009). Evaluating research for evidence-based nursing. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. David Company.

Chapter 9, “Evaluation of Research Instruments and Experimental Conditions”

                                 Discussion: Planning for Data Collection

Data collection is an important part of both quantitative and qualitative research. Although the actual approach to gathering information may vary, for either research design, researchers need to plan in advance how the data will be gathered, reported, and stored, and they need to ensure that their methods are both reliable and valid. As nurses review research when considering a new evidence-based practice, it is important to be familiar with sound collection practices in order to ascertain the credibility of the data presented.

Consider the following scenario:

Nurses and other health care professionals are often interested in assessing patient satisfaction with health care services. Imagine that you are a nurse working in a suburban primary care setting that serves 10,000 patients annually. Your organization is very interested in understanding the patient’s point of view to help determine areas of care that can be improved. With this focus in mind, consider how you would create a survey to assess patient satisfaction with the services your organization provides. You may wish to consider variables such as the ease of accessing care, patient wait time, friendliness of the staff, or the likelihood that a patient would recommend your organization to others.

For this Discussion, you generate questions and an overall plan for data collection that would be appropriate for a patient satisfaction survey in relation to the above scenario.

To prepare:

Consider the guidelines for generating questions presented in this week’s Learning Resources.

Review the scenario and formulate at least five questions that you could use to evaluate patient satisfaction.

Reflect on the different methods or instruments that can be used for gathering data described in Chapter 13 and Chapter 23 of the course text.

Which methods or instruments would work well for the scenario? Determine an appropriate sample size for the scenario.

                                                         ASSIGNMENT 1

WRITE the questions that you created for gathering information about patient satisfaction based on the above scenario. Explain which method or instrument you would use to gather data. Describe the sample size appropriate for the population and how you would select participants. Provide a rationale for your choices, and explain how you can ensure high standard of reliability and validity.

                         Course Project: Part 3—Translating Evidence Into Practice

In Part 3 of the Course Project, you consider how the evidence you gathered during Part 2 can be translated into nursing practice.

Now that you have located available research on your PICOT question, you will examine what the research indicates about nursing practices. Connecting research evidence and findings to actual decisions and tasks that nurses complete in their daily practice is essentially what evidence-based practice is all about. This final component of the Course Project asks you to translate the evidence and data from your literature review into authentic practices that can be adopted to improve health care outcomes. In addition, you will also consider possible methods and strategies for disseminating evidence-based practices to your colleagues and to the broader health care field.

To prepare:

Consider Parts 1 and 2 of your Course Project. How does the research address your PICOT question?

With your PICOT question in mind, identify at least one nursing practice that is supported by the evidence in two or more of the articles from your literature review. Consider what the evidence indicates about how this practice contributes to better outcomes.

Explore possible consequences of failing to adopt the evidence-based practice that you identified.

Consider how you would disseminate information about this evidence-based practice throughout your organization or practice setting. How would you communicate the importance of the practice?

To complete:

In a 3- to 4-page paper:

Restate your PICOT question and its significance to nursing practice.

Summarize the findings from the articles you selected for your literature review. Describe at least one nursing practice that is supported by the evidence in the articles. Justify your response with specific references to at least 2 of the articles.

Explain how the evidence-based practice that you identified contributes to better outcomes. In addition, identify potential negative outcomes that could result from failing to use the evidence-based practice.

Outline the strategy for disseminating the evidence-based practice that you identified throughout your practice setting. Explain how you would communicate the importance of the practice to your colleagues. Describe how you would move from disseminating the information to implementing the evidence-based practice within your organization. How would you address concerns and opposition to the change in practice?

This part of the Course Project is due. It should be combined with the other two components of the Course Project and turned in as your Portfolio Assignment for this course.

Note: In addition, include a 1-page summary of your project.

For this final iteration, you will need to:

Submit your paper to Grammarly and SafeAssign through the Walden Writing Center. Based on the Grammarly and SafeAssign reports, revise your paper as necessary.

Reminder: The School of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The School of Nursing Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements.

1. Discuss the history of public relations (1 page)

2. discuss the 1998 Merck case study: (1 page)

the background of Merck case study:

Spring 1998, secretary at Merck accidentally faxes 18-page corporate merger memo to the Newark Star Ledger instead of an investment broker. She hit the wrong button. $3 billion, confidential deal outlined

—Premature disclosure to the public could cost the company money and reputation

Secretary tells her boss, boss tells his boss

—The boss’s boss (Senior Vice President/General Counsel)has a good relationship with a reporter at The Star Ledger, and he calls the reporter

— Reporter pulls the fax out of the machine and gives it back to Merck, no questions asked.

The reporter believes that her relationship with Merck’s senior VP is more important than an accidental scoop

— Now he owes the reporter one.

One of the CORE disciplines of communications and public relations

— One of the most visible

— But benefits can be hard for management to understand

3. Is facebook dying? what’s next? what will take its place? why? (two pages)

Need substantial discussion posts to 2 discussions, in APA format, with sources

DISCUSSION 1

On Feb. 1, 2003, the space shuttle Columbia flew over a calm Texas sky in the early morning hours in preparation for its landing at the Kennedy Space in Florida. Tragically, the space shuttle split apart on reentry, costing the lives of all seven astronauts aboard. A 2-year study by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) revealed that NASA had failed to address organizational cultural issues that inevitably led them to ignore warning signs from safety engineers. Put simply, NASA employees exhibited resistance to change and leadership and had not implemented effective strategies for overcoming it.

Resistance and resilience are important concepts in change management. Resilience allows a system to retain its structure and function in the face of external and internal changes and challenges. For the astronauts aboard the shuttle Columbia, the failure of NASA to be resilient and overcome resistance to change had fatal consequences. In most public and nonprofit organizations, although the consequences might not be as dire, leaders must be effective in implementing organizational change and overcoming resistance or risk harming the public good they serve as their mission.

For this Discussion, read this week’s Learning Resources, including Howell (2013) on the Columbia disaster. If necessary, research other online articles related to the Columbia disaster in order to answer the Discussion.

With these thoughts in mind:

Post by Day 3 an explanation of how NASA’s failure to respond to change, such as internal operating procedures, lead to the Columbia disaster. In your explanation, describe how resistance to change affected the outcome. Then, using the example of your own or another organization with which you are familiar, explain one strategy for overcoming resistance to change and building in resilience, and explain why you chose this strategy.

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources and other current literature

DISCUSSION 2

Discussion 2: Leading Organizational Change

Reflecting on a government or nonprofit organization with which you are most familiar, describe one type

of change that has or may occur that might affect this public or nonprofit organization, and explain why.

Finally, describe at least two challenges that might arise during the implementation of change and how a leader might address these.

Post your answer by Day 4.

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources and

other current literature

Readings

• Entwhistle, T. (2011). For appropriateness or consequences? Explaining organizational change in English local government. Public Administration, 89(2), 661–680.
  Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
• Lewis, A. (2012). Finding a model for managing change. Training & Development, 39(5), 6–7.
  Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
• Packard, T., Patti, R., Daly, D., & Tucker-Tatlow, J. (2012). Organizational change for services integration in public human service organizations: Experiences in seven counties. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 34(4), 471–525.
  Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
• Tummers, L., Steijn, B., & Bekkers, V. (2012). Explaining the willingness of public professionals to implement public policies, content, context, and personality characteristics. Public Administration, 90(3), 716–736.
  Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
• Howell, E. (2013). Columbia disaster: What happened, what NASA learned. Retrieved from http://www.space.com/19436-columbia-disaster.html

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